luketreework

In the midst of our bustling cities and towns, there's a quiet world of green that often goes unnoticed—the world of trees. These majestic beings aren't just pretty to look at; they're vital to our environment and well-being. Welcome to the fascinating realm of tree care, where science and art come together to nurture these silent guardians.

Picture a golden sunset casting its warm glow over the horizon—it's the perfect backdrop for our journey into the heart of tree care. Beyond their beauty, trees hold secrets about ecosystems and culture. Join me as we wander through the rich tapestry of tree knowledge and discover how to care for these vital parts of our environment.

Arboreal Ecosystems

Arboreal ecosystems encompass a diverse range of habitats, each with its unique characteristics and inhabitants. From dense rainforests teeming with biodiversity to urban parks dotted with carefully curated greenery, trees play a pivotal role in shaping the environment around them.

In addition to providing habitat for countless species of plants and animals, trees also offer many ecosystem services, from regulating local climates to reducing soil erosion. By preserving and protecting these ecosystems, we can safeguard the invaluable benefits they provide to wildlife and human communities.

Anatomy Unveiled

The anatomy of a tree is a marvel of natural engineering, with each component playing a crucial role in the tree's overall health and vitality. Beneath the soil, intricate root systems anchor the tree in place and extract essential nutrients and water from the earth.

Above ground, the trunk and branches provide structural support, while leaves act as the tree's solar panels, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. Understanding the intricate workings of a tree's anatomy allows arborists to diagnose issues, implement targeted treatments, and promote overall tree health.

Nurturing Tree Health

Just like we look after our health, caring for our trees is also important. Regular check-ups and maintenance can help protect trees from pests, diseases, and other threats, ensuring they stay healthy and strong for years. In addition to regular maintenance practices such as pruning and watering, arborists employ various advanced techniques to ensure the health and longevity of trees under their care.

These may include soil testing to assess nutrient levels and pH balance, canopy thinning to improve air circulation and light penetration, and root collar excavation to alleviate soil compaction and promote root growth. By staying abreast of the latest research and techniques in tree care, arborists can provide the highest level of care for the trees entrusted to them.

Surveying the Terrain

Knowledge is key to tree care, and that's where tree surveys come in. These detailed assessments give us insights into a tree's health and structure, helping us make informed decisions about its care and management. As technology continues to evolve, so too do the methods used to survey and assess trees in urban environments.

In addition to traditional ground-based inspections, arborists now have access to various high-tech tools and techniques, including aerial drones equipped with specialised cameras for aerial surveys, laser scanning technology for detailed 3D mapping of tree structures, and acoustic devices for detecting internal decay or cavities. These advanced surveying methods enable arborists to gather precise tree health and structure data, allowing for more informed decision-making and proactive tree management.

Tree Guardianship

As stewards of the earth, it's up to us to protect and nurture our urban forests. By embracing tree care principles, we can deepen our connection to nature and ensure the well-being of our trees. As stewards of the environment, it is our collective responsibility to ensure the health and vitality of our urban forests for future generations to enjoy.

This requires a commitment to tree guardianship—a dedication to protecting and preserving trees through sustainable management practices, responsible development decisions, and active community engagement. By working together to care for our trees, we can create healthier, more resilient urban environments that benefit both people and nature.

Professional Tree Surveys

When caring for trees, it pays to bring in the experts. Professional tree surveys conducted by qualified arborists thoroughly evaluate a tree's health and safety, helping us keep our urban forests safe and healthy.

Qualified arborists conduct these surveys, utilising their expertise to identify potential hazards and recommend appropriate interventions. By investing in professional tree surveys, we can ensure the safety of our urban forests and the well-being of those who inhabit them.

Understanding Tree Health

Keeping trees healthy is a top priority in arboriculture. Understanding the signs of tree distress and taking early action can prevent problems from escalating and keep our trees thriving.

Cultivating Urban Forests

In our rapidly growing cities, urban forests are more important than ever. By preserving and expanding these green spaces, we can create healthier, happier communities for generations to come.

Empowering Communities

Tree care isn't just a job for the experts—we can all get involved in it. By joining as a community to plant and care for trees, we can make a real difference to our environment and quality of life.

As we wrap up our journey through the world of tree care, let's take a moment to appreciate the beauty and importance of the trees around us. From their roots in the soil to their branches reaching for the sky, trees are a reminder of nature's wonder and resilience. Let's continue to care for them so they can continue to care for us.

FAQ

How can I tell how old a tree is, and why does it matter?

You can estimate a tree's age by counting its rings or measuring its growth rate. Knowing a tree's age can help us understand its history and health needs.

Are certain trees more prone to pests and diseases, and how can I spot and prevent these issues?

Yes, some tree species are more vulnerable to certain pests and diseases. Observing common signs of trouble, like discoloured leaves or dieback, can help us catch and treat problems early.

What new technologies are shaping the future of tree care?

Innovations like drone-based surveys and soil improvement techniques are revolutionising tree care, making it easier and more effective to keep our urban forests healthy and thriving.

© Treework Environmental Practice

Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Drought

Extreme Weather Events

Invasive Species

Strategies for Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Planting the Right Trees

Proper Tree Care

Soil Management

Monitoring and Early Detection

Collaboration with Communities

Innovative Solutions for Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Urban Forest Management Plans

Green Infrastructure

Genetic Diversity

Microclimate Management

The Importance of Collaboration in Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Collaboration with Municipalities

Collaboration with Researchers

Collaboration with Community Groups

The Importance of Public Education and Awareness

Educational Programs

Public Outreach and Engagement

The Future of Arboriculture and Climate Change

Continued Research and Innovation

Advocacy and Policy Development

If you own a piece of real estate, it’s important to understand the need for proper tree care and maintenance. Tree removal is just one aspect of this practice, and while some property owners may choose to try this task on their own, there are always potential risks when dealing with large trees. That's why hiring an arborist or certified tree specialist is essential to care for your landscaping and trees properly. This post will discuss why you should consider employing an arborist for any tree removal projects at your property.

Deciding when it's time to bid farewell to an old tree is often a heartbreaking decision. Considering its health, position, and other factors playing a key role in the choice-making process, seeking counsel from an experienced local arborist can make all the difference!

A healthy, mature tree can be a wonderful addition to any landscape. To ensure yours remains beautiful and safe for years to come, hiring an experienced certified arborist is essential – they will assess the condition of your tree and determine if it needs removal or ongoing maintenance.

Arborists make the risky tree removal business appear effortless, thanks to their well-honed training and continual updates on the most current industry techniques. But it's important not to forget that even one misstep or lapse in concentration can lead to devastating consequences.

When Do You Need A Tree Removal

Before an arborist decides to remove a tree, they must assess the potential risks by utilizing a specialized protocol. This process considers multiple facets of danger, including inspecting site conditions and nearby infrastructure and weighing any associated hazards with keeping or cutting down the tree.

Is the tree a hazard or asset to your property? From checking for dead branches, pest infestations, and disease - to examining root structures causing structural damage and assessing placement challenges - it’s time to consider if removing this giant could be beneficial.

If any potential risks posed by a tree's presence were identified, an arborist might suggest removal as the safest option.

Maintaining Old Trees

Homeowners may face a difficult decision regarding old trees on their property — should they stay or go? Sentimental value often plays an important role in that choice, as those majestic oaks might tie back to treasured family memories. Thankfully, arborists can help explore alternatives such as proper fertilization and branch trimming which could delay the removal of these beloved trees.

Deciding About Tree Removals

Protect your property's natural beauty with the help of a certified arborist! An expert can evaluate existing trees and provide sound advice on maintaining their health or make informed recommendations if you need to remove them. Invest in smart tree care today for a healthier tomorrow.

With any decision comes the need to weigh out all possible factors. When pondering if an old tree should remain or be removed, consider your comfort level with potential dangers and compare removal costs versus maintenance services; then consider which option would be more beneficial in light of those facts.

Does your property feature trees that require expert attention? Allow a certified arborist to inspect and tend to them. It's easy to arrange an appointment. Schedule now and let our team help give your outdoor space new life!

If you're considering removing a tree, enlisting an expert arborist's services is essential. They possess years' worth of knowledge and skill and can also provide tailored advice specific to your needs. Schedule a free yard evaluation with local professionals today - let them guide you in making informed decisions about your trees!

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We all understand the importance of trees, and the many benefits they bring to the planet. The little things that we do to trees are less obvious. Some of these you may think are beneficial. Before you care for your trees, make sure you read this list.

Too much staking or guying a tree

Staking or guying a tree means using ropes or stakes for tree support. Trees don't require support and even if they do need it, it is usually for a brief period. This method could lead to bark damage, abnormal growth of the trunk, or girdling, to name a few.

Girdling a Tree

Wrapping the tree's bottom with plastic may seem like you're doing your tree a favor. This is supposed to protect the tree against lawn mowers and weed whackers. But it causes more harm than good. A tree's trunk will die slowly if it has a plastic cover. It’s better to add mulch around the tree to keep weeds away and retain moisture.

Mulching too close to a tree's trunk

Mulch placed too close to a tree's trunk can cause the tree to choke. Experts recommend that mulch be kept at least six inches from the trunk of young trees and at least a foot from mature tree trunks to prevent this from happening.

Hanging bird feeders with nails and screws

Anything that gets under the bark of a tree can cause it to be infected or become ill. It may also cause damage to the cambium, which is the part of the tree where cells divide and increase the tree’s girth. The tree may grow around screws and nails if you put them in it, which will make it dangerous to cut down or trim the tree later.

Tie Your Dog to a Tree

Although it may appear harmless, tying your dog to a tree can cause damage to the bark. Dogs can tug and jump against trees, which could be harmful to the bark. The trees' first line of defense against insects and disease is the bark. If it becomes damaged, it can cause serious damage.

Pruning your Tree in the Wrong Season

Pruning your tree when the weather is not right can make it weaker and more vulnerable. People believe that fall is the best season to prune, but this is incorrect. As they prepare for winter, trees focus their energy on the roots of their trees in the fall. Trees that have suffered cuts during the autumn months due to pruning will not be able to heal in time for the harsh winter, so they are left exposed.

Concrete to Fill Tree Cavities

A common myth is that tree cavities should be filled to improve their structural strength. Tree cavities can be best treated by the tree itself.

Power Lines
Trees cannot touch power lines. Power companies won't allow them to. The company will require you to trim or remove any tree that is near a power line.

Improper Pruning

Contact your local arborist if you have any questions about how to prune your tree. If done incorrectly, this is an important task that can cause the tree to fall.

Too many trees or plants

Too many trees or plants that are close together will result in them competing for sunlight, food, and water. This can cause some plants to thrive and others to die. This can be avoided by strategically planting trees and taking into account the tree's potential growth.

Construction or covering the roots

Trees may also die when you store harsh chemicals or build over their roots, which are their organ system. They’re what keep trees healthy and alive. If they fail to function properly, the tree will eventually die. Avoid building structures over tree roots, digging around tree trunks, or parking or storing equipment above the root zone.

Salting near the Tree
Salting roads is essential. However, salting near trees can cause harmful reactions. Salty soil can kill trees, grass, or other plants.

Use of Herbicides and Pesticides

They will not only keep the pests away, but also harm your trees. Mulch around trees is a good idea to prevent weeds.

Knowing what is good for your tree is the hardest part of tree care. For the best tree care practices, do your research and contact an arborist.

© Treework Environmental Practice

It is crucial to consider the effects of tree planting whenever improving the environment for a community is a goal. Even in metropolitan environments, trees remain an essential component of the environment. In addition to helping to reduce air pollution, trees can make a place look better and increase the value of nearby properties. It is also important to note that planting trees is a tough task and is more complex than some may believe. Arborists refer to a tree planting strategy as a procedure in which they choose particular trees based on the surroundings they are placed in to provide them with the best chance of developing healthy, problem-free growth. Planting trees is an investment for the community, so it should happen with a smart strategy. Arborists use procedures to ensure they select and plant trees in the most effective way possible.

These are the most important steps of strategic planting:

• Select the suitable trees – to provide the greatest impact, specific trees must be chosen for the environment and ecology. As trees are meant to stay healthy for a long time, picking the proper type is a crucial first step. The quantity of sunlight exposure, soil pH (whether the soil is alkaline or acidic), temperature swings, humidity levels and the presence of micro- and macronutrients in the soil are just a few of the many factors that go into making a choice. Furthermore, the size of the tree, how big it might develop in the future, and maintenance factors should also be taken into account. 

• Select the best location – when planting new trees, arborists consider several factors. Maximising the influence on the environment and the advantages for the trees is always the goal of any arborist. When selecting the best location, it is crucial to consider sun exposure and shade patterns. Arborists also need to consider factors like soil characteristics - drainage, and depth. Wind exposure and building closeness are just as important for a tree's well-being. Arborists can identify the best spot for a tree after conducting the correct assessment.

• Plant a tree – as the time has come actually to plant a tree, the job should be addressed smartly to ensure the tree establishes easily and stay healthy in the long run:
  
  
• Digging the first hole – once the tree's position has been determined, a hole must be dug to be planted. Two to three times the width of the root ball should be the size of the hole. The tree should not expand past the root collar visible above the ground once it is in the hole.
  
  
• Tree preparation – inserting the tree into the hole should be executed slowly and carefully. Roots shouldn't circulate; if they are, the root ball should be reduced by 1-1.5 inches. Sometimes it's important to trim portions of the root ball's wrappings.
  
  
• Planting the tree - after being inserted into the hole, the tree should stand upright. Some watering is required after the dirt has been added to the hole.
  
  
• Mulching – it might be necessary to cover the backfill area with mulch. It should extend as far as the branches and not be deeper than 2-4 inches.
  
  
• Watering - after planting, trees typically need daily watering for two weeks, then weekly watering for a season or two.
  
  
• Afterwards - arborists should conduct tree surveys frequently to ensure the tree is growing disease- and pest-free.
  
  

© Treework Environmental Practice 

Trees offer several benefits ranging from boosting the value of a property and maintaining a balanced ecosystem to helping the environment. Trees are undoubtedly aesthetically pleasing, and many hold historical significance, especially those that have been around for decades.

Removing a tree can negatively affect the ecosystem. For example, some trees serve as homes for animal species. If you cut them down, then they will lose their habitat. Not only that, trees help prevent flooding. Cutting them down means the area will be more prone to it.

Trees also help improve the quality of the air through the production of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide. If you remove a tree, it’ll also affect the process of photosynthesis that plants go through in your area.

Now, if you’re planning to develop a certain property, the trees within the area may be affected. You need to have a tree survey to help you decide how to proceed.

Understanding the process involved in a tree survey

A qualified and experienced arboriculturist should perform the tree survey. The first step is what is referred to as the stage one survey or the BS5837 tree survey. The potential effect of new construction on trees and the environment needs to be assessed.

A BS5837 tree survey is a British Standard survey involving performing the relevant checks. It is a must for any design work, demolition, or construction job that could potentially put trees at risk.

The arboriculturist will ask you some questions before the tree survey begins. The said inquiries will be about the development, such as your plans with the area and the other details on how you plan to proceed with the site development.

You also need to provide a site plan. Once all details have been provided, the arboriculturist will perform the tree survey.

What is the purpose of a tree survey?

Through the BS5837 survey, you and the local planning authority would learn the practical constraints to the land and the development. The survey is performed using professional equipment that allows the experts to gather specific data, such as the condition of the trees and what species they belong to.

What is a BS5837 retention category?

All trees within and near your site will fall under the retention category. Under this category, you’ll receive crucial information from the tree survey. There are four categories, A, B, C, and U.

Category A is where the ones with the highest classification fall. The trees that are added to this category are in good health. They are also prominent and possess essential qualities like adding cultural values to the site. Trees under category A are expected to offer up contributions for more than forty years. You will be allowed to do any work below or above ground within a certain distance of these trees unless necessary.

Category B is similar to Category A but only has an expected contribution of about 20 years. The local authorities would like the trees under this category to be preserved. But if they need to be removed, you have to plant another one to replace them.

Category C is where trees that are in poor condition fall under. They’re not a risk for planning and only have about ten years of contribution. Despite their condition, the local authorities may still require you to plant a new one to replace the tree you wish to remove.

Category U, the final category, is where dying or dead trees fall under. They pose a safety risk and have less than ten years of contribution. They have to be removed regardless of whether they interfere or not with your development or the site in question.

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Concerning tree law in the UK, several critical factors exist to consider. The following guide provides more information on some of these essential factors.

Dangerous trees
In almost all cases, the one responsible for trees' safety is the landowner where the trees in question grow. There are some exceptions, such as when a rental agreement puts the tenant in charge of tree management. In all other cases, the tree manager has a duty of care to provide care such that their neighbours don't experience any problems. A tree owner also has the duty under the Occupiers Liability Acts to take proactive steps in ensuring visitors on the land are safe. This means that if a tree falls, the owner is liable. If it is proven that the owner has been negligent, such as allowing tree damage to corrupt the tree, then they can face the law. To avoid this, tree owners should always look to inspect their trees with the aid of arboriculturists.

Encroaching roots and overhanging trees
In general, the 'common law' makes provisions for pruning branches and roots that go over the boundary between properties even without consent from the owner. However, any works undertaken should be meticulous not to damage the tree because such acts are liable. It is always best to discuss matters with the tree owner before taking action. Consulting an arboriculturist, in this case, is always a good idea. If overhanging branches or encroaching roots have caused damage to a property, the insurer will approach the owner to decrease the issue and arrange repairs.

Tree protection
There are a few ways for trees to be protected in the UK.
Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) – Local Councils, within their role as Local Planning Authority, administer TPOs. Their goal is to protect trees that add amenity value to the area. A TPO means it is an offence to top, lop, uproot or cut down a tree under protection without the local planning authority's consent. Hedges, bushes and shrubs cannot fall under a TPO, but it can be made for anything from a specific tree to an entire woodland. Anyone wishing to work on trees under a TPO should fill out an application form and send it to their local planning authority.

Conservation areas

parties that wish to do any work on conservation areas, need to send out six weeks prior notice via email, letter or the official form with a detailed explanation of the proposed results. The local planning authority can issue a Tree Preservation Order during that time.

Restrictive covenants

Essentially a promise between two parties, such as the buyer and seller of a property/land, to not do certain things to the area. It is binding to the land and not an individual owner, meaning it is a place even if the current owner sells the property to another owner.

Felling licenses
Felling a tree in a garden is possible, even without a felling license. However, for a tree outside a garden, applying to the Forestry Commission for a felling license is always recommended. This is regardless of whether a TPO covers the tree in question.

© Treework Environmental Practice

Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) are issued by local authorities to protect the countryside. They extend over individual trees of high amenity value or entire woodlands. 

Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act, local planning authorities create Tree Preservation Orders. Whether they cover individual trees, groups of trees or woodlands, TPOs protect the trees that they cover from removal, improper pruning or any sort of action against them. Any action that would result in significant loss of amenity provided by the trees is considered to be against the law. Authorities usually exercise their judgement when they make TPO because ‘amenity’ is not defined in the law. The general purpose of a TPO is to protect woodlands and specific trees the removal of which will impact the community and the environment in a notable negative way. Before the local authority comes up with a TPO, they first ensure the public will benefit from the presence of trees/woodlands in question. 

Once a TPO is out, there it is possible to apply for the removal/pruning of protected trees. 

Applying for doing physical work on a protected tree 

Before you do any sort of work on protected trees, you must obtain permission from the local authority. It takes about 8 weeks from the date you submit the form called ‘Formal application to carry out works to protect trees. You will have to include a detailed description of the proposed work, in addition to a map of the trees. It is important to mention that arboricultural consultants can act as agents in applying to performing a tree survey. They can also advise you on the likely works that will be allowed. 

If the local authority decides not to grant permission for works, then you can take your appeal to the Secretary of state. It is important to understand that you need to have very reasonable grounds for appeal and you will most likely require agents to act on your behalf. Typically, arboricultural consultants will be of great help in the matter. They can launch a formal appeal, to give you the best chances of success. The allowed period for appeal is 28 days. 

TPO objection 

In regards to the provisional TPO, local authorities need to consider all representations made about it. What this means is that you will have some time to place some arguments against the TPO, before it comes to pass. Once again, you can work with arboricultural consultants to advise you. They know just what procedures the local authority needs to follow and the guidelines laid down by the higher authorities for confirming and revoking a TPO. In other words, the consultancy will know whether the local planning authority has not followed the exact procedures and guidelines, and they will then represent you with the objection. 

Challenging a TPO at the high court 

When a TPO is confirmed, there is no longer the option to appeal to the Secretary of State. Yet, there is a chance to apply to the High Court to quash the order. Such actions typically call the legality of the order into question. 

© Treework Environmental Practice

When it comes to trees on public and private properties, owners or developers of said properties need to always ensure that the trees are in good condition and they don’t pose a risk. They have a legal duty to do so, especially in the case of a public area, like a public garden or park. Landowners need to consult with arborists and conduct tree surveys to assess the condition of the trees. 

Tree surveys are different, based on what goal they want to achieve and what sort of information they provide. Consulting with experts on the matter is very important because they offer some guidance on the matter. Here are a few of the different types of surveys that are available: 

• Planning permission and report – for individuals and companies submitting their planning applications, they are going to need a BS5837 survey. This is a British Standard that specifies the required information to be collected and included within the end report. That is how developers get their consent, as long as the survey points indicate a low negative impact on the trees and no protected trees are in the area. The BS5837 surveys require an Arboricultural Method Statement and Arboricultural Impact Assessment. The former is all about assessing the need for pruning, protective fencing, how to handle materials around trees, compaction of soil and heavy machinery moving around the tree. There might also be a need for an ecological survey, based on what the local authority requires and what the specific project is all about. 
  
  
• Tree constraints plan – this one consists of a CAD drawing, which showcases the location of every individual tree. It looks at things like crown spread, root protection and shade. The BS5837 standard outlines a few more parameters like retention category. With these surveys, developers can work on their projects with tree information in mind. 
• Tree data schedule – displaying the information gathered as part of the BS5837 survey, a tree data schedule lists information like tree age, dimensions of the trunk and crow, the life expectancy of the tree, defects, condition, amenity value and more. 
  
  
• Tree preservation order – it is local authorities that create a tree preservation order. These are in regards to singular trees, groups of trees or perhaps an entire woodland. A TPO is issued with the sole purpose of protecting the trees in the area, effectively forbidding any pruning or felling. 
  
  
• Pre-purchase report – for individuals and companies looking to buy a property, many mortgage lenders will require from them a pre-purchase tree survey. Such a survey namely looks at the risk of subsidence and tree failure. The report checks out every tree within an influential distance of the property and assesses the risk that it poses based on the condition. 
  
  
• Reports for litigation – if there is property or human damage, some tree surveys and reports are necessary. They need to adhere to the approved standards and can later be used in a court of law, if necessary. 
  
  
• Tree condition survey – this is a report conducted in regards to tree pests and diseases. Whenever such issues are present, experts go on to provide an assessment of the situation. They check out the affected trees for signs of decay, empty patches of leaves and weak branches. Condition surveys depend on what number of trees are surveyed and what sort of budget is allocated for the task. The greater the perceived risk, the larger the area arborists need to cover, to get data. 
  
  

©Treework Environmental Practice

In the past, people used a combination of pulling and winching tests to research various tree biomechanics. The goal of those was to determine their resistance and how durable against rupture and uprooting they were. As a result of such tests, the tree was usually brought to ultimate failure and destruction. 

Nowadays arborists and arboricultural consultants employ a set of non-invasive tree risks assessment techniques, which preserve the trees they are conducted on. Static load tests are now the common method that experts utilise after it was developed at the University of Stuttgart in Germany. 

A static load test consists of three steps: 

• Pulling test – this methodology aims to assess the risk of failure (usually related to uprooting or stem breakage). It is achieved by pulling the tree to simulate wind loading in moderate power. Things like root plate inclination and changes in the length of fibres are then measured to determine the results. As for the tools used for the job, it is usually a rope winch or a grip hoist that apply quasi-static forces then measured by an in-line dynamometer. The idea behind the test is simple – as the tree experiences increased load, its stem will bend and the root plate will tilt. Arborists can detect these changes with very sensitive instruments. By then looking at the degree of compression and exerted extension within marginal fibres, the experts can better determine fracture resistance. 
  
  
• Wind load analysis – the goal of this test is to produce an estimate of the expected wind load of the given location. Any safe tree needs to be able to withstand the wind effects, as well as snow and ice. Wind loads depend on a few factors, such as expected wind speed and resistance of the tree to streaming air. The way to perform such analysis is to extract the crown in a digital picture and then the different levels are correlated with the wind speed. Experts are always mindful of the fact that wind speed increases with height above ground. There are national wind zone maps, which determine reference wind speeds and wind events. By using species-dependent parameters, experts are then able to assess the reaction of the tree to the wind. That is how they can streamline the crown or recommend a reduction in tree height. 
  
  
• Evaluation – once the required tests have been performed, arborists can begin the assessment and evaluation process by using the acquired data. The goal is to get enough information on the critical load of the tree and whether the conditions and environment it is in are potentially dangerous to it. The analysis results in factors of safety, with a value of 1 when the resistance against failure matches the expected wind load. However, according to most engineering standards, structures should have a factor of safety equal to 1.5, which is the aim of any static load test. 
  
  

It should be pointed out that trees often compensate for insufficient strength by utilising adaptive growth. Arborists will always take into consideration a tree’s ability to produce additional wood fibres in the areas of excess strain, often just by visually inspecting the tree. This aspect of the job is essential to deducing meaningful recommendations by arborists, who correlate results of technical inspections with their visual assessments. 

There are still certain limitations that any such project presents, namely the majority of factors at play. In the future, these tests will be better able to produce meaningful information. 

© Treework Environmental Practice

Many people consider deadwood as a long-gone part of the tree, as it is not even a living part attached to the tree anymore. However, the more correct way of referring to it is as ‘decaying’, instead of dead. It contributes to the diverse ecosystems that trees are part of and is not just a static limb. 

Decay essentially means a progression of use by a number of different organisms. Some organisms thrive in fresh wood, while others are involved in the breakdown of woody tissues. In some sense, decaying wood can be considered a habitat in its own right. Woodland managers and arborists often remove deadwood on the principle of hygiene. Doing so protects the remaining timber resources from various pests, like fungi and insects. This is especially the case in public parks and gardens, where dead wood is in fact a serious risk for people and property. But there is a problem with this, and it lies in the fact that many important species don’t find the necessary habitat to live and thrive. As a result, the arboreal system experiences a serious downside due to the lack of deadwood. 

The way that deadwood positively impacts arboreal ecosystems lies with factors like carbon storage, biodiversity, soil nutrients cycling, energy flows and hydrological processes. And while all of that is now largely understood by arborists, many of the previous generations of them have been focused on clearing deadwood. 

One example of the issue of clearing deadwood completely lies with some of the rare species, associated with veteran and ancient trees. A lot of them can only be found on sites with a higher amount of decaying wood. With organisms that rely on decaying wood becoming more isolated, trees are more vulnerable than ever. 

The signs of decaying wood habitats 

There are 2 recognised signs of decaying wood habitats. One has to do with standing trunks, branches and limbs around the tree. The second is cavities within the trunk and branches, where decay is taking effect. The habitats created because of these processes are different and recreating them takes different techniques. 

• Standing deadwood – regardless if it is about branches or whole trunks, standing deadwood is easier to recreate. There are a few techniques that arborists utilise, such as destructive pruning and ring barking trunks and branches. This type of decay takes place from the outside in, creating the ideal habitat for invertebrates, lichens and fungi. 
  
  
• Decay within the trunks/branches – the techniques involved in recreating this sort of decay are much more complex. Since the decay decomposes from the inside out. It creates cavities within seemingly healthy trunks, which are then populated by fungi and invertebrates. 
  
  

The methods utilised in creating a habitat

• Destructive pruning – often used to create a habitat in trees. It involves techniques like decay creation within the trunk and the main branch structure of the trees. 
  
  
• Veteranisation – this is a pruning technique, which aims to ‘age’ a tree prematurely in a more controlled manner. The goal is to create a habitat and stimulate the formation of another secondary crown. 
  
  
• Natural fracture pruning – these are pruning techniques that mimic the natural process of branch loss, such as after severe storms. Small branches can be cut from the above side and removed from the crown. By leaving a fractured or split branch at the end, they remain unassociated with existing growing points. 
  
  

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There are many stressors, which affect trees and put them under immense pressure. And even though one single issue can contribute to poor tree health, in most cases there are several causes at play, which impact its poor health and condition. 

It pays to be prepared with some knowledge on what the most common symptoms of issues on trees are. That way you can adequately take steps to ensure that the plants and trees affected are preserved and the issue is minimised. 

• Damage to the leaves – leaves are the natural diet for a variety of woodland creatures. With little damage on them, there is no immediate danger to the tree. There is hardly any single leaf without some leaf damage, which doesn’t prevent vigorous and healthy growth of the said tree. However, some pests and diseases can contribute to serious issues within the leaf or at its edges and maybe even the complete loss of leaves. One of the most widespread pests is horse chestnut leaf miner, which is a tiny insect that feeds on horse chestnut leaves. As a result, leaves acquire some brown colouring and see-through patches, which can damage the tree. Sawfly larvae also cause significant leaf damage. They are like caterpillars, which develop into flies, and not butterflies. Small trees are particularly vulnerable to them, as the insects can completely strip them. If damage occurs during the first flush, then the tree can recover. The Alder leaf beetle is another example of an insect that can affect tree leaves. It feeds on the leaves of the common alder and deciduous trees. 
  
  
• Wilting and yellow leaves – this is another sign of tree stress, the risk for which can be reduced by choosing the right tree for the site. The tree may have some sort of disease, be it a bacterial one or a fungi-based one. Paying attention to which trees are impacted is important because a lot of diseases are species-specific. For example, ash dieback impacts ash trees and Dutch elm disease is mostly present on older trees. Cherries are also prone to showing disease symptoms, with leaves looking wilted and brown. 
  
  
• Bleeding cankers – ‘bleeds’ on the trunks of trees are a sign of stress. There are many contributing factors, such as drought, pollution, freezing and waterlogging, in addition to some diseases. A common pathogen responsible for bleeds is the Phytophthora species, which is fungal-based. It blocks the water transport system of the tree, which in turn leads to bleeding cankers on the trunks. Bacteria can also be responsible for bleeding cankers. For example, Horse chestnut trees are often at risk from the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Small holes in the leaves often accompany the black patches of bark that appear on the trunk. A professional arborist may be the best bet for identifying the issue and providing a solution.
  
  

Sometimes, it is all about checking the location of the tree. Trees should be planted in the right space, or else they can struggle. Oak, yew, whitebeam, juniper and goat willow do well in slightly drier soil, whereas alder, willow and alder buckthorn do well in wetter conditions. If a tree is struggling, it may have to do with the moisture levels of the soil. If the soil is dry, then some watering is in order, though you need to be careful not to overwater the area. Water stress is often a cause for damage. 

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Acute oak decline is a tree disease, which has impacted Europe severely several times in over 2 centuries. Currently, there is a version of this disease being observed in the UK, which has been monitored and examined for 20 years. The targets of this disease are trees over 50 years old, meaning that veteran oaks are at particular risk. 

The symptoms of acute oak decline include some of the following: 

• Crown thinning – sometimes it is a sudden occurrence, in other cases, it is gradual over 2 years. 
  
  
• Stem bleeding – the tree develops dark weeping patches. They may be less serious than they look, and can sometimes even heal if the tree recovers from that stressed state. 
  
  
• Tree stress – in such a state, a tree becomes more vulnerable to pests and diseases, which may appear on the tree. 
  
  
• Dark fluids – the dark fluids may seep through cracks in the bark, and run down the tree trunk. 
  
  

Several factors mostly determine the specifics of acute oak decline. The most important thing to remember is that the disease stresses out the trees. Things like waterlogging, pollution and sometimes drought are the environmental factors contributing to stressing the tree. Bacteria, fungi and insects can then further push an oak into decline. 

It bears mention that oak decline occurs in stressed trees. There are certain processes taking place then, such as the tree being unable to supply enough water, its crown becoming thin and it loses a certain amount of leaves. In response to drought, a tree will develop dark patches on the bark. The stress factors combine and then lead to low amounts of energy within the tree to compensate for the issue at hand. In this condition, it may be ill-prepared for cold months and not be able to manage a pest infestation as effectively. For trees pushed into decline like that, death may take place in the following years. 

Impact of acute oak decline 

Oak decline has been monitored for over 250 years. Germany has had an issue with this disease since the 1990s. In the UK, the oak decline has mostly struck in Wales and the southern shores of England. As it is an atypical disease, the spread of it is much lower. The same cannot be said for its environmental impact, however, especially in regards to the environmental conditions become more unpredictable. As a result, other tree species experience the same decline. 

The impact acute oak decline poses will increase, because environmental changes are ongoing still. Such a disease on trees will become more frequently surveyed, due to climate changes. Worse yet is the fact that the disease can cause the oak decline condition to be more severe. 

Here is what can be done about the acute oak decline 

Combating acute oak decline is not easy. One step in the right direction is to ensure more oaken trees are planted. More importantly, is planting them in an area that fosters their natural regenerative qualities. It is also important to do more research on the disease. Knowing what causes it and how it can be prevented and slow it down is very important. 

Good tree surveying is of utmost importance when it comes to acute oak decline. Having experts explore the trees in a given area and take notes of their condition can make all the difference in the world. Changing matters isn’t always possible, but it is essential to assess the situation early on. 

© Treework Environmental Practice

When it comes to dangers to UK trees, there are a lot of pests and diseases that qualify with the use of that word. It is important to monitor them and detect any issue early on so that it doesn’t lead to anything serious later on. Many pests and diseases can lead to very bad effects for trees if left rampant for too long. 

One of the best ways to control pests and diseases is to detect them early on through tree surveys. When arborists do that, they have a much better chance to deal with the condition of the tree, regardless of what it may be. There are several major pests and diseases that tree surveys can reveal: 

• Acute oak decline – this is a tree disease that affects many native oak trees. It is a condition that has been present within the UK for the past 20 years. Arborists note it mostly affects mature oaks that are over 50 years of age. Symptoms of the disease include crown thinning, vertical cracks of the bark seeping dark fluid, stem bleeding that gets more severe with time and the presence of more pests and other diseases attacking the tree, which is already weakened. Acute oak decline is mostly due to a combination of factors, like waterlogging, soil conditions, pollution and drought. These can all weaken a mature tree and then leave it more vulnerable to fungi, bacteria and pests. 
  
  
• Ash dieback – this disease, as evident from the name, targets trees of different ages. Of course, young, less mature trees are much more vulnerable, even though the symptoms are largely the same. They include dark patches of leaves, even present in the summer; early shedding; leaves and shoots die back; lesions at the areas where the trunk meets branches; epicormic growth – unusual growth under stress. The disease originates from Asia. And while Manchurian and Chinese ash trees have had more time to adapt and become less vulnerable to it, European ash trees have been way more susceptible to it. The reason is these trees did not evolve with the fungus that causes the disease and is much more vulnerable. 
  
  
• Asian and Citrus longhorn beetles – these are beetles that target broadleaf trees. There is a high risk of them being imported in the wood package. Damage from this kind of beetles is mostly present in the form of holes in the trunk. Adult specimens feed on foliage and sometimes cause this damage to the trunk. The beatles are also regarded for stripping young bark from shoots. 
  
  
• Dothistroma needle blight – this fungal disease creates opportunities for early needle drop. It is responsible for a lot of loss of yield in commercial forests and leads to the premature death of a lot of trees. It is particularly dangerous for Caledonian pine forests. The main symptoms of the disease manifest in June and July. At that time, arborists observe yellow spots on the needles of trees, which then go into the red. Needles shed a few weeks later after being infected. As a result, the branches get that ‘lion’s tail’ look with minor tufts of needle growth at the end. 
  
  
• Bronze birch borer – this is a beetle that gets its name from the metallic bronze colour that it has. It feeds on wood during the larval stages, which heavily impacts the tree capacity to intake nutrients and water. The symptoms of bronze birch borer infestation are dead leaf retention, leaf thinning and discolouration, swelling and welts of the bark. 

These diseases and pests are common enough that they need to be monitored and checked for through regular tree surveys, to minimise and prevent the damage from them. 

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The purpose of a tree survey is to provide essential information on the trees within a given area. Whether it is a private or public landscape, arborists can survey the land and gather data on the tree species, their age, condition, metrics and more. Also, the tree survey aims to provide information on various tree pests and diseases that may be present, as well as assess the risk of subsidence in the area. The survey outlines ways that a tree can be protected during any developments being made in the area, as well as provides information on tree preservation orders and more. 

There are many different surveys that you can get for your property. The experts conduct each to a certain professional standard, based on your requirements. Here are some of the tree surveys you can have for your property: 

• Condition report – in case you are managing a certain number of trees on your property and you want to find out more about their condition, then this survey is the right one to get. Professionals survey the trees and assess the potential risks associated with trees. They will then provide you with specific recommendations on how to manage these risks. 
  
  
• A survey for planning purposes – whenever you want to submit a planning application, you need to consider the trees in the area. There is a tree survey you will need to get before anything else – the BS5837 survey. Only qualified arboricultural consultants can provide such a survey. They gather specific data in the area and feature it on their report. The main reason for getting such a survey is to get yourself planning consent. It is also essential for determining how you can lower the risk of damage to the trees during any development in the area. 
  
  
• A tree survey for subsidence management – if there is a case of subsidence, you need a tree survey to identify the trees that are causing it. The goal of such a survey is to outline what steps can be taken to minimise the damage and prevent any future risk. Subsidence really isn’t a minor thing, as it can cause property damage and halt construction. Getting a proper survey is essential for managing such an issue, and for this reason, you will need to contact an experienced team of arborists to conduct the work on surveying the area and its trees. 
  
  
• A survey for buying a house – when you are buying a house, you will find that mortgage lenders usually require a tree survey. That is because they want to be in the know about any potential risks, including subsidence. Besides, trees do add value to a property, so it is essential to consult the right experts for the job. 
  
  
• Tree Preservation Order – various local authorities create tree preservation orders. They do so under the Countryside and Rights of Way act. The orders concern different trees, from specific ones to the entire area/woodland. The TPO is a tool to protect trees against acts of removal and anything that would otherwise contribute to a loss of amenity. Improper pruning is also a thing to be mindful of, which is why a TPO exists. Opposing a TPO is possible, although you will have to consult with an arborist company on how to manage the process. Once a company has conducted a tree survey, they should be able to tell whether the trees fall under the protection of a TPO. 
  
  

As you know more about the different kinds of surveys, you are now better equipped to get experts and conduct the right one. 

© Treework Environmental Practice

If you want to clear some land in the UK, which has trees, you will likely require a tree survey. This is something that professional arborists can carry out for you. If you are not sure what a tree survey is and how to get one, then the following guide is right for you. 

What is a tree survey/tree report? 

Tree surveys represent the process of gathering detailed data about trees present on a given property. These surveys aim to acquire more information about trees on both public and private landscapes. The reason why one would want to get a tree survey lies with the fact that owners of the land and representatives of the management team behind it have a legal duty to maintain the health and safety of trees, especially if the land is open to the public. Furthermore, to make the right decisions about the area owners need to have the expert level of information, which arborists can acquire during a tree survey. It is usually performed to the BS5837 standard. It presents a guideline for all of the data that needs to go into the survey, for it to be of any legal use. 

What information do tree surveys collect?

The British Standard BS5837 accumulates all of the information necessary for tree surveys. Based on it, the experts provide data on: 

• The number of trees in the area 
• The species of trees in the area 
• Giving a unique reference number to each of the individual trees 
• Age of trees – sometimes given by class, i.e. young, mature, veteran 
• The life expectancy of trees 
• The diameter of the trunk 
• Radii of the crown 
• The health of trees – features structural and physiological condition 
• Management recommendations 

All of this is mostly information for the experts to read and make recommendations based on. It is what makes the tree survey viable. 

How to determine if you require a survey? 

Carrying out a tree survey is required by law in many areas. One of the reasons for this is the species of trees in the area, many of which require protection. The Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981 sets out the directives, which protect certain trees, i.e. stating they cannot be cut down. Another reason for tree surveys lies with developing the landscape. For those who want to build within the vicinity of trees, they will require a tree survey to determine whether the trees there are under a tree protection order and how to minimise the negative impact of development on them. Trees add great value to any property, and so any designer out there will first want to see a tree survey for recommendations on how to prevent any damage. Another important reason for tree surveys lies with detecting pests, diseases and structural damage, as well as the need to prune or otherwise assist the tree so that it doesn’t become a hazard. 

Do you need a tree survey? 

If you are close to finalising the plans for the development of your property, and you have a desire to add ancillary buildings or extensions, then a tree survey is something you need to get. If you need service lines or change of access to the property, you will also need a survey. It should include all of the trees present there, including any that are within influential distance. Needless to say, it has to be carried out by professional arborists, who know how to conduct the survey from A to Z and come up with the necessary data and recommendations. 

© Treework Environmental Practice