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When the days start stretching out, and the air carries just a little more warmth, it’s a sure sign that the garden is ready to wake up. April is that golden window when everything feels possible again. After a long winter of dormancy, your outdoor space is itching for attention—and a few well-timed tasks now will set it up for a season of strong, healthy growth.

If you’re wondering where to start, you’re not alone. Early spring can feel like a lot. But with a clear plan, preparing your garden can be more joy than a chore—and it doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Some strategic moves can make all the difference.

Essential Early Spring Tasks to Boost Garden Health

Before you dive into planting or rearranging flowerbeds, it’s worth pausing to give your garden a proper once-over. Think of it as a gentle wake-up call rather than a full-on workout.

Tidy up without being too tidy. It’s tempting to clear everything away at once, but some debris—like old stems or leaf litter—might still be sheltering overwintering pollinators. Start by clearing paths, patios, and obvious dead growth, but leave tucked-away corners for a few more weeks if you can.

Check for winter damage. Fences, trellises, raised beds—all take a battering during winter. Repair any damage now before new growth gets in the way. A loose panel or leaning support can easily be set right before planting begins.

Refresh your tools. Sharp tools make spring tasks faster and cleaner. Give blades a quick sharpen, wipe down handles, and check gloves for holes. It’s a small job that saves endless frustration later.

Walk your boundaries. Check edges, borders, and beds. Re-establish crisp lines with a spade if needed, and top up gravel or bark mulch on paths to keep them looking cared for and functioning well.

April’s about creating a strong foundation, not rushing ahead. Taking time now means fewer problems when growth kicks into high gear.

How to Revive Soil After Winter Dormancy

Soil often gets forgotten in the excitement of new plants. But healthy soil is the heart of a thriving garden—and after months of rain, frost, and compression, it needs a little attention too.

Start with a simple test. Grab a handful of soil and squeeze. If it crumbles easily, it’s ready to work. If it clumps and oozes water, it’s still too wet. Give it time—you’ll save yourself endless hassle by waiting a few dry days.

Loosen compacted beds. Use a fork rather than a spade to gently lift and aerate. You’re not digging deep, just letting in air and easing the surface. Overworking soil at this stage can do more harm than good.

Feed the soil, not just the plants. A top layer of well-rotted compost, leaf mould, or organic matter goes a long way. Let worms and microorganisms do the heavy lifting rather than digging it all in. Mulching now also helps lock in moisture ahead of summer.

Check pH if you’re planning big changes. Different plants have different needs, and knowing your soil’s natural balance can save you time (and money) when it comes to buying the right plants. Simple pH test kits are easy to use and worth a quick check before planting sprees.

Healthy soil means healthier plants—and much less heartache later on. It’s the secret behind every effortless-looking garden.

Pruning, Planting, and Mulching for Strong Growth

April is a real turning point. The garden's energy is building—and a bit of well-timed intervention now sets everything up for the months ahead.

Prune with a light hand.

Dead, damaged, or diseased wood should come out first. After that, pruning is about encouraging shape and airflow. Roses, buddleia, dogwood, and summer-flowering clematis all benefit from a spring haircut. Focus on clean, angled cuts just above outward-facing buds.

Plant with confidence.

April is ideal for getting hardy annuals, early vegetables, and perennials into the ground. The soil is warming, rainfall usually helps with watering in, and roots have time to establish before high summer. Whether you’re planting sweet peas, spinach, or salvias, early investment pays off.

If you’re planning big changes—new borders, raised beds, or a wildlife corner—lay the groundwork now before growth becomes too dense.

Mulch, like you mean it.

A generous mulch helps conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Apply after planting while the soil is still damp. Organic mulches like bark, straw, or compost break down slowly and feed the soil, too.

Don’t mulch right up to plant stems—leave a little breathing space to prevent rot. It’s a small detail that makes a big difference.

Setting the Tone for the Season

Preparing your garden in April is about more than just ticking off tasks. It’s about setting the tone for the months to come. When you walk outside on a warm morning and see buds swelling, borders taking shape, and pathways clear and welcoming, it changes how you experience the space.

A garden isn’t just something you look after—it’s something you live alongside. And a little effort now makes the whole season more enjoyable, less stressful, and full of moments to savour.

One morning you’ll realise you’ve moved from maintenance to enjoyment. That the hard work is done, and now you’re free to plant, potter, or simply sit with a cup of tea while the bees get on with their own busy business.

April is the month that makes it all possible.

FAQs

Can I start sowing seeds directly in April?

Yes—hardy annuals like nigella, poppies, and calendula can be sown outdoors now. Make sure the soil has warmed up slightly, and keep an eye on late frosts.

Is it too early to plant summer bedding?

For tender summer bedding like petunias or marigolds, it’s best to wait until late April or early May unless you have fleece or cloches for protection.

How much compost should I add to my beds?

A layer of about 5cm spread over the surface is plenty. You don’t need to dig it in—worms and rain will gradually incorporate it into the soil naturally.

If you're looking for dependable planting and lawn care maintenance in London, Fast Landscape Gardening is the perfect option.

© Fast Landscape Gardening

There’s something about spring sunlight that changes how a room feels. It floods through the windows, hits the floor at a different angle, and suddenly… everything’s on display. Dust is dancing in the air. Fingerprints on the glass. And then there are the curtains—faded, dusty, and not quite the colour you remembered.

During the darker months, curtains go mostly unnoticed. They’re drawn at night, shut tight against cold air, and only half-heartedly opened in the mornings. But come April, when the light sharpens and the days stretch out, they become one of the most visible surfaces in the room—and one of the most neglected.

How Increased Daylight Reveals Dirt, Dust, and Discolouration

Bright light has a way of exposing things. It shows streaks, sun-fade lines, and dust that’s been quietly building up on fabric. Curtain folds act like shelves for particles to settle. Over time, these layers build until even the most beautiful drapes look dull and heavy.

Sheer curtains often suffer the most. They’re designed to filter light, which means any dirt or discolouration spreads evenly across the surface. Even a little grime can make a room feel dim or dusty, no matter how clean the rest of it is.

And it’s not just about appearances. Dust, pet dander, and pollen cling to curtain fibres and circulate through the air with every breeze. If curtains are near an open window or patio door, they catch even more particles. What looks like a little grey shading near the hem could actually be a layer of pollutants collected over months.

Tips for Safely Freshening Delicate Drapes and Sheers

Curtains aren’t all made equal, and some require a lighter touch. But regular care doesn’t have to mean complicated routines.

Start with a good shake. Take down the curtains and give them a few strong shakes outside (away from open windows). It’s the quickest way to loosen surface dust without over-handling the fabric.

Next, check the label. You’ll find curtains that are machine-washable on a gentle cycle, especially lighter fabrics or unlined panels. Use a cold wash, mild detergent, and avoid spin cycles that twist and stretch the fabric. Hang them back up to dry—they’ll drop their creases naturally.

For sheers, hand-washing is often safest. Fill a tub with cool water and a touch of gentle soap. Swirl them lightly, let them soak for a few minutes, then rinse thoroughly. Don’t wring—just press out the water gently and hang them while damp.

If the fabric feels fragile, don’t risk it. Even a low-agitation cycle can cause stretching, puckering, or shrinkage. It’s better to air-dust gently, vacuum with a soft brush attachment, or move straight to professional help.

Professional Cleaning Benefits for Allergy Season

Spring brings a wave of pollen, and soft furnishings are where it lands first. Curtains close to open windows act like air filters. They trap dust, spores, and microscopic pollen grains—especially in homes with trees or gardens nearby.

Professional curtain cleaning doesn’t just lift visible dirt—it removes allergens hiding deep in the folds. Steam cleaning and dry-cleaning techniques are particularly effective for removing these particles without damaging the fabric.

Another perk? Professionals often press and reshape the curtains as part of the service. This means they hang better, move more freely, and feel refreshed in a way home cleaning sometimes can’t achieve.

For households with allergies, asthma, or other sensitivities, getting curtains cleaned professionally once or twice a year can make a noticeable difference. It improves air quality and reduces the constant cycle of sneezing, eye irritation, or dry throats that pollen season often brings.

Tricks to Reduce Sun Fading and Maintain Fabric Quality

Sunlight is both a blessing and a threat when it comes to soft furnishings. While it brightens up a room, it also breaks down fabric fibres over time. The result? Bleached panels, weakened seams, and uneven colour fading across exposed sections.

One simple fix is to rotate the curtains. Every few months, swap the left and right panels or flip them end to end. It helps spread out the exposure and avoids one side wearing faster than the other.

For lined curtains, make sure the lining is doing its job. A thick or blackout lining acts as a shield against harsh UV rays, protecting the outer fabric. If your current curtains aren’t lined, consider adding a separate liner behind them—it’s often more cost-effective than replacing the whole set.

UV-filtering window film can also help. It’s a discreet way to cut down sun damage without losing the light. For sheer curtains, layering with a light voile or screen panel behind the main drapes offers an added barrier.

Avoid spraying scented fresheners directly onto the fabric. Many contain alcohol or oils that react with sunlight, speeding up fading or causing patchy discolouration. Instead, focus on regular airing and natural light exposure to keep things smelling fresh.

Little Habits That Make a Big Impact

Curtain care doesn’t have to be all at once. Spreading out a few tasks through the season keeps things manageable.

• Dust curtain rods and pelmets every two weeks—these areas collect debris that trickles onto the fabric
  
  • Use a lint roller on velvet or heavy drapes to lift hair and surface dust
  • Open curtains fully during the day to let folds breathe and prevent moisture pockets
  • Close them during the brightest hours to limit direct sun bleaching
  • Check the hems for hidden mould or moisture marks, especially after winter condensation
  
  

These habits help maintain that fresh look and stop spring sunlight from revealing the worst of winter build-up.

Curtains That Feel Lighter—Literally

There’s a difference between looking clean and feeling fresh. Curtains hold weight—not just in fabric, but in what they trap. Dust, smells, moisture. Letting that go resets the space.

With the sun pouring in, there’s no better time to address what’s hanging at your windows. Lifting that hidden grime means clearer air, brighter views, and a home that genuinely feels like it’s stepped into spring.

FAQs

Is vacuuming curtains enough to remove pollen?

It helps with surface dust but won’t fully remove embedded pollen. A deeper clean—either by hand or professionally—works better for allergen control.

What’s the safest way to clean-lined curtains at home?

If they’re not marked as machine-safe, avoid washing them. Dust regularly and use a soft brush vacuum attachment. For anything more, professional cleaning is safest.

Do blackout curtains fade less than regular ones?

They often hold up better because of thicker fabric or built-in linings, but they can still fade over time. Rotating panels and reducing direct sunlight helps extend their life.

 
© Carpet Cleaner Ltd

Spring marks the start of new growth, but it also offers something equally important—a chance to spot problems before they take hold. Trees are emerging from winter dormancy, and April is when they begin to reveal how they’ve fared through months of wind, cold, and wet soil. For arborists, this makes it the perfect time to check-in.

Whether you're looking after a garden, overseeing a large estate, or managing a site in development, an April tree survey can save time, money, and stress later in the year. It’s about catching early signs of trouble before dense foliage hides what’s really going on.

Why the Timing of a Tree Survey Makes All the Difference

A tree survey does more than look for obvious problems—it assesses structure, health, and safety in a way that helps shape future care. While these surveys can technically happen at any time, the detail and accuracy you get from an April inspection are hard to beat.

In April, most trees haven’t yet come into whole leaf, so the branch structure is still visible. At the same time, new buds are starting to form, giving arborists early clues about vitality and growth. It’s that sweet spot between dormancy and full growth—ideal for spotting weaknesses before summer’s foliage hides them.

What Winter Really Does to Trees

Winter might seem peaceful from the outside, but it can leave trees stressed and vulnerable. Storms, prolonged cold snaps, waterlogged ground, and heavy snow can all take their toll—though the damage isn’t always easy to spot straight away.

Come April, the picture becomes more apparent. Telltale signs of winter stress might include:

• Bark splitting due to freezing and thawing
  • Broken limbs hidden by bare canopies or snow
  • Patchy bud development
  • Shifting of the root plate after waterlogging
  • Deadwood standing out more as new shoots begin to emerge

An April survey allows arborists to identify these problems while there’s still time to act, especially before growth speeds up or strong spring winds arrive.

Why Checking Trees Before They Fully Leaf Out Matters

Once trees are in full leaf, it’s much harder to see what’s going on beneath. Dense canopies block the view of key structural features like trunk joins, old wounds, or developing cracks.

In April, visibility is still excellent. Arborists can:

• • Spot cracks or decay in limbs and stems
  • Check how previous pruning wounds are healing
  • Evaluate branch distribution and crown balance
  • Identify any early fungal growth or pest activity
  • Inspect bracing or cabling systems for wear
  
  

This kind of clear view makes inspections more accurate and planning more straightforward. If any pruning or corrective work is needed, it’s safer and simpler to carry out before full leaf cover gets in the way.

Buds, Shoots, and Subtle Clues

April also brings subtle but revealing signs. Buds and shoots may look tiny, but their presence, strength, and uniformity offer clues about the tree’s inner health. Uneven budding or weak shoots can indicate problems with water uptake, root health, or nutrient availability.

These early indicators allow arborists to recommend supportive treatments like mulching, soil conditioning, or targeted watering—before the growing season kicks into full gear. Spotting pests or diseases at this early stage also makes them easier to treat, often preventing wider outbreaks.

April Is a Smart Month for Planning Ahead

An early survey isn't just about spotting current issues—it sets the tone for tree care over the coming year. Arborists can use what they see in April to:

• •Schedule essential pruning or bracing at the right time
  • Budget more accurately for maintenance work
  • Provide documentation for insurance, planning, or legal needs
  • Flag any tree preservation matters that need council input
  
  

If you’re planning landscaping changes or construction work, an April survey can highlight any root zones or canopy areas that might be affected. Knowing this early allows for careful planning—before machinery arrives and plans are too far along to adjust.

Why Homeowners and Land Managers Shouldn’t Wait

For homeowners, early inspections help avoid the risk of falling branches or tree failure—especially important with trees near footpaths, play areas, or neighbouring properties. It’s also the best time to assess appearance before summer gatherings and garden use pick up.

For more significant sites, early detection helps reduce liability, particularly if trees border public spaces or roads. Acting in April gives time to respond to problems before they become safety concerns or require urgent (and often expensive) fixes.

Healthier trees, longer lifespans, fewer surprises—that’s the goal. Regular spring surveys make that far more achievable.

Avoid the Delays That Come Later in the Season

Wait until summer or autumn, and you might run into more red tape and practical challenges. Dense canopies limit what arborists can see. Bird nesting restrictions begin to limit what work can be done. And, often, arborists are fully booked.

In contrast, April tends to offer better availability, fewer obstacles, and faster turnaround. It’s also early enough to respond to pests or diseases before they take hold—especially as some of the most damaging outbreaks begin to appear with the warmer weather.

Laying the Groundwork for Year-Round Tree Care

A tree survey in April is more than a one-off check—it’s the first step in a longer plan. The insights gathered now can inform decisions for the rest of the year, whether that’s routine checks, pruning schedules, or updates to development plans.

Sites with multiple trees or long-term landscaping projects benefit even more. Clear records of past surveys help track changes over time, providing a history of care that’s useful for planning, budgeting, or selling a property down the line.

By starting early, you set your trees and plans up for a more manageable and predictable year ahead.

FAQs

Why is April better than May or June for a tree survey?

In April, the tree structure is still clearly visible before leaves obscure the view. This makes it easier for arborists to spot decay, cracks, or other concerns that may otherwise go unnoticed in the summer months.

Can I still arrange a tree survey if it’s already May or later?

Yes, surveys can happen any time, but visibility becomes more limited. If something urgent is suspected—like a damaged limb or deadwood—it’s still worth booking in, even outside the ideal window.

Do tree surveys in April disturb nesting birds?

No. The survey itself is non-invasive and doesn’t involve cutting or interference. However, if tree work is recommended afterwards, nesting must be considered and scheduled appropriately.

If you're in need of a tree survey service, Treework Environmental Practice is a top choice.

© Treework Environmental Practice

Trees add character, shade, and environmental benefits to a property but also come with responsibilities. Whether you are buying a new home, planning construction work, or are concerned about a tree’s condition, a tree survey provides essential information to guide your decisions. Understanding what tree surveys involve, why they matter, and when they should be carried out can help homeowners manage their trees effectively and avoid potential issues.

What is a Tree Survey?

A tree survey is a professional assessment carried out by an arboricultural consultant to evaluate trees on a property. It involves recording species, size, health, structural condition, and potential risks. The findings are compiled into a report, informing homeowners about their trees' status and any recommended actions.

The scope of a tree survey varies depending on its purpose. Some surveys focus on identifying risks, while others assess the impact of planned development on trees. Regardless of the type, a tree survey ensures that trees are managed responsibly, legally, and in a way that supports their longevity.

Why Are Tree Surveys Important?

Tree surveys provide vital information that helps homeowners make informed decisions about their trees. Key reasons to carry out a tree survey include:

• 
  Safety Assurance: Trees with structural weaknesses or diseases may pose a risk to people and property. A survey identifies potential hazards and recommends necessary maintenance or removals.
• Legal Compliance: Some trees are protected under Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) or located in conservation areas, meaning that specific permissions are required for pruning or removal. A tree survey ensures compliance with local regulations.
• Planning and Development: If a resident intends to build an addition, construct a driveway, or alter their property, they need to know whether nearby trees will be damaged and how that damage can be mitigated.
• Property Value and Insurance: Trees can impact property values both positively and negatively. A survey highlights any risks, such as root damage to foundations, which may be relevant for insurance purposes or property sales.
• Tree Health Management: Regular surveys help identify diseases, pest infestations, or soil issues early, allowing proactive care to extend a tree’s lifespan.
  
  

When Should Homeowners Consider a Tree Survey?

Not every homeowner needs a tree survey, but there are several situations where it is advisable:

• Before Buying or Selling a Property: A survey can identify potential risks, such as subsidence caused by tree roots, which may affect mortgage approvals or insurance policies.
• After Severe Weather: High winds, storms, or heavy snowfall can weaken trees, making a post-weather assessment useful to check for hidden damage.
• When Trees Indicate Decline: If a tree has cracks, dead branches, leans or shows fungal growth, the survey will reveal if action is needed.
• Pre-Construction: Building work around trees should be planned to ensure that roots and stability are not damaged. A tree survey helps prevent damage during development.
• To Comply with Local Regulations: If trees on the property are protected or located near public land, a survey may be required before making any changes.

Types of Tree Surveys for Homeowners

Different types of tree surveys cater to various needs. The most common include:

• Tree Condition Surveys: These focus on the health and stability of trees, identifying any issues that may require attention.
• Mortgage and Insurance Surveys: Often requested by lenders and insurers, these surveys assess whether trees pose a risk to buildings or underground services.
• Pre-Development Surveys: Required for planning applications, these surveys evaluate how construction projects may impact trees and provide guidance on tree protection measures.
• Tree Preservation Order (TPO) Checks: If a property has protected trees, a survey helps homeowners understand what work is permitted and how to apply for consent if necessary.
  
  

What Happens After a Tree Survey?

Once a survey is completed, the arboricultural consultant provides a report outlining key findings and recommendations. Depending on the results, actions may include:

• Tree Maintenance: If a tree requires pruning, bracing, or pest treatment, the report will provide guidance on the best approach.
• Tree Removal: If a tree poses an unacceptable risk or is in poor health, removal may be advised, subject to legal permissions if applicable.
• Soil or Root Management: If soil compaction, root damage, or nutrient deficiencies are detected, solutions such as aeration or soil amendments may be recommended.
• Protective Measures for Development: If construction is planned, the survey will suggest methods to prevent damage to trees, such as protective fencing or root-friendly construction techniques.
  
  

Making the Most of a Tree Survey

A tree survey is not just about identifying problems—it is also a valuable tool for long-term tree care. By understanding the current condition of trees, homeowners can take proactive steps to maintain them, ensuring they remain an asset rather than a liability. Whether for safety, legal compliance, or property improvements, tree surveys offer a structured way to manage trees responsibly.

FAQs

How long does a tree survey take?

A basic tree survey for a residential property typically takes a few hours, depending on the number of trees and the level of detail required.

Do I need a tree survey before removing a tree on my property?

If the tree is protected by a Tree Preservation Order (TPO) or in a conservation area, permission is required. A tree survey helps determine whether removal is necessary and supports the application process.

Can I carry out a tree survey myself?

While homeowners can check for visible signs of tree health, a professional tree survey provides a more thorough assessment, especially for safety concerns or legal requirements.

For more helpful information about tree surveys, visit Treework Environmental Practice.

© Treework Environmental Practice

In the midst of our bustling cities and towns, there's a quiet world of green that often goes unnoticed—the world of trees. These majestic beings aren't just pretty to look at; they're vital to our environment and well-being. Welcome to the fascinating realm of tree care, where science and art come together to nurture these silent guardians.

Picture a golden sunset casting its warm glow over the horizon—it's the perfect backdrop for our journey into the heart of tree care. Beyond their beauty, trees hold secrets about ecosystems and culture. Join me as we wander through the rich tapestry of tree knowledge and discover how to care for these vital parts of our environment.

Arboreal Ecosystems

Arboreal ecosystems encompass a diverse range of habitats, each with its unique characteristics and inhabitants. From dense rainforests teeming with biodiversity to urban parks dotted with carefully curated greenery, trees play a pivotal role in shaping the environment around them.

In addition to providing habitat for countless species of plants and animals, trees also offer many ecosystem services, from regulating local climates to reducing soil erosion. By preserving and protecting these ecosystems, we can safeguard the invaluable benefits they provide to wildlife and human communities.

Anatomy Unveiled

The anatomy of a tree is a marvel of natural engineering, with each component playing a crucial role in the tree's overall health and vitality. Beneath the soil, intricate root systems anchor the tree in place and extract essential nutrients and water from the earth.

Above ground, the trunk and branches provide structural support, while leaves act as the tree's solar panels, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. Understanding the intricate workings of a tree's anatomy allows arborists to diagnose issues, implement targeted treatments, and promote overall tree health.

Nurturing Tree Health

Just like we look after our health, caring for our trees is also important. Regular check-ups and maintenance can help protect trees from pests, diseases, and other threats, ensuring they stay healthy and strong for years. In addition to regular maintenance practices such as pruning and watering, arborists employ various advanced techniques to ensure the health and longevity of trees under their care.

These may include soil testing to assess nutrient levels and pH balance, canopy thinning to improve air circulation and light penetration, and root collar excavation to alleviate soil compaction and promote root growth. By staying abreast of the latest research and techniques in tree care, arborists can provide the highest level of care for the trees entrusted to them.

Surveying the Terrain

Knowledge is key to tree care, and that's where tree surveys come in. These detailed assessments give us insights into a tree's health and structure, helping us make informed decisions about its care and management. As technology continues to evolve, so too do the methods used to survey and assess trees in urban environments.

In addition to traditional ground-based inspections, arborists now have access to various high-tech tools and techniques, including aerial drones equipped with specialised cameras for aerial surveys, laser scanning technology for detailed 3D mapping of tree structures, and acoustic devices for detecting internal decay or cavities. These advanced surveying methods enable arborists to gather precise tree health and structure data, allowing for more informed decision-making and proactive tree management.

Tree Guardianship

As stewards of the earth, it's up to us to protect and nurture our urban forests. By embracing tree care principles, we can deepen our connection to nature and ensure the well-being of our trees. As stewards of the environment, it is our collective responsibility to ensure the health and vitality of our urban forests for future generations to enjoy.

This requires a commitment to tree guardianship—a dedication to protecting and preserving trees through sustainable management practices, responsible development decisions, and active community engagement. By working together to care for our trees, we can create healthier, more resilient urban environments that benefit both people and nature.

Professional Tree Surveys

When caring for trees, it pays to bring in the experts. Professional tree surveys conducted by qualified arborists thoroughly evaluate a tree's health and safety, helping us keep our urban forests safe and healthy.

Qualified arborists conduct these surveys, utilising their expertise to identify potential hazards and recommend appropriate interventions. By investing in professional tree surveys, we can ensure the safety of our urban forests and the well-being of those who inhabit them.

Understanding Tree Health

Keeping trees healthy is a top priority in arboriculture. Understanding the signs of tree distress and taking early action can prevent problems from escalating and keep our trees thriving.

Cultivating Urban Forests

In our rapidly growing cities, urban forests are more important than ever. By preserving and expanding these green spaces, we can create healthier, happier communities for generations to come.

Empowering Communities

Tree care isn't just a job for the experts—we can all get involved in it. By joining as a community to plant and care for trees, we can make a real difference to our environment and quality of life.

As we wrap up our journey through the world of tree care, let's take a moment to appreciate the beauty and importance of the trees around us. From their roots in the soil to their branches reaching for the sky, trees are a reminder of nature's wonder and resilience. Let's continue to care for them so they can continue to care for us.

FAQ

How can I tell how old a tree is, and why does it matter?

You can estimate a tree's age by counting its rings or measuring its growth rate. Knowing a tree's age can help us understand its history and health needs.

Are certain trees more prone to pests and diseases, and how can I spot and prevent these issues?

Yes, some tree species are more vulnerable to certain pests and diseases. Observing common signs of trouble, like discoloured leaves or dieback, can help us catch and treat problems early.

What new technologies are shaping the future of tree care?

Innovations like drone-based surveys and soil improvement techniques are revolutionising tree care, making it easier and more effective to keep our urban forests healthy and thriving.

© Treework Environmental Practice

Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Drought

Extreme Weather Events

Invasive Species

Strategies for Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Planting the Right Trees

Proper Tree Care

Soil Management

Monitoring and Early Detection

Collaboration with Communities

Innovative Solutions for Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Urban Forest Management Plans

Green Infrastructure

Genetic Diversity

Microclimate Management

The Importance of Collaboration in Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Trees

Collaboration with Municipalities

Collaboration with Researchers

Collaboration with Community Groups

The Importance of Public Education and Awareness

Educational Programs

Public Outreach and Engagement

The Future of Arboriculture and Climate Change

Continued Research and Innovation

Advocacy and Policy Development

If you own a piece of real estate, it’s important to understand the need for proper tree care and maintenance. Tree removal is just one aspect of this practice, and while some property owners may choose to try this task on their own, there are always potential risks when dealing with large trees. That's why hiring an arborist or certified tree specialist is essential to care for your landscaping and trees properly. This post will discuss why you should consider employing an arborist for any tree removal projects at your property.

Deciding when it's time to bid farewell to an old tree is often a heartbreaking decision. Considering its health, position, and other factors playing a key role in the choice-making process, seeking counsel from an experienced local arborist can make all the difference!

A healthy, mature tree can be a wonderful addition to any landscape. To ensure yours remains beautiful and safe for years to come, hiring an experienced certified arborist is essential – they will assess the condition of your tree and determine if it needs removal or ongoing maintenance.

Arborists make the risky tree removal business appear effortless, thanks to their well-honed training and continual updates on the most current industry techniques. But it's important not to forget that even one misstep or lapse in concentration can lead to devastating consequences.

When Do You Need A Tree Removal

Before an arborist decides to remove a tree, they must assess the potential risks by utilizing a specialized protocol. This process considers multiple facets of danger, including inspecting site conditions and nearby infrastructure and weighing any associated hazards with keeping or cutting down the tree.

Is the tree a hazard or asset to your property? From checking for dead branches, pest infestations, and disease - to examining root structures causing structural damage and assessing placement challenges - it’s time to consider if removing this giant could be beneficial.

If any potential risks posed by a tree's presence were identified, an arborist might suggest removal as the safest option.

Maintaining Old Trees

Homeowners may face a difficult decision regarding old trees on their property — should they stay or go? Sentimental value often plays an important role in that choice, as those majestic oaks might tie back to treasured family memories. Thankfully, arborists can help explore alternatives such as proper fertilization and branch trimming which could delay the removal of these beloved trees.

Deciding About Tree Removals

Protect your property's natural beauty with the help of a certified arborist! An expert can evaluate existing trees and provide sound advice on maintaining their health or make informed recommendations if you need to remove them. Invest in smart tree care today for a healthier tomorrow.

With any decision comes the need to weigh out all possible factors. When pondering if an old tree should remain or be removed, consider your comfort level with potential dangers and compare removal costs versus maintenance services; then consider which option would be more beneficial in light of those facts.

Does your property feature trees that require expert attention? Allow a certified arborist to inspect and tend to them. It's easy to arrange an appointment. Schedule now and let our team help give your outdoor space new life!

If you're considering removing a tree, enlisting an expert arborist's services is essential. They possess years' worth of knowledge and skill and can also provide tailored advice specific to your needs. Schedule a free yard evaluation with local professionals today - let them guide you in making informed decisions about your trees!

© Treework Environmental Practice

We all understand the importance of trees, and the many benefits they bring to the planet. The little things that we do to trees are less obvious. Some of these you may think are beneficial. Before you care for your trees, make sure you read this list.

Too much staking or guying a tree

Staking or guying a tree means using ropes or stakes for tree support. Trees don't require support and even if they do need it, it is usually for a brief period. This method could lead to bark damage, abnormal growth of the trunk, or girdling, to name a few.

Girdling a Tree

Wrapping the tree's bottom with plastic may seem like you're doing your tree a favor. This is supposed to protect the tree against lawn mowers and weed whackers. But it causes more harm than good. A tree's trunk will die slowly if it has a plastic cover. It’s better to add mulch around the tree to keep weeds away and retain moisture.

Mulching too close to a tree's trunk

Mulch placed too close to a tree's trunk can cause the tree to choke. Experts recommend that mulch be kept at least six inches from the trunk of young trees and at least a foot from mature tree trunks to prevent this from happening.

Hanging bird feeders with nails and screws

Anything that gets under the bark of a tree can cause it to be infected or become ill. It may also cause damage to the cambium, which is the part of the tree where cells divide and increase the tree’s girth. The tree may grow around screws and nails if you put them in it, which will make it dangerous to cut down or trim the tree later.

Tie Your Dog to a Tree

Although it may appear harmless, tying your dog to a tree can cause damage to the bark. Dogs can tug and jump against trees, which could be harmful to the bark. The trees' first line of defense against insects and disease is the bark. If it becomes damaged, it can cause serious damage.

Pruning your Tree in the Wrong Season

Pruning your tree when the weather is not right can make it weaker and more vulnerable. People believe that fall is the best season to prune, but this is incorrect. As they prepare for winter, trees focus their energy on the roots of their trees in the fall. Trees that have suffered cuts during the autumn months due to pruning will not be able to heal in time for the harsh winter, so they are left exposed.

Concrete to Fill Tree Cavities

A common myth is that tree cavities should be filled to improve their structural strength. Tree cavities can be best treated by the tree itself.

Power Lines
Trees cannot touch power lines. Power companies won't allow them to. The company will require you to trim or remove any tree that is near a power line.

Improper Pruning

Contact your local arborist if you have any questions about how to prune your tree. If done incorrectly, this is an important task that can cause the tree to fall.

Too many trees or plants

Too many trees or plants that are close together will result in them competing for sunlight, food, and water. This can cause some plants to thrive and others to die. This can be avoided by strategically planting trees and taking into account the tree's potential growth.

Construction or covering the roots

Trees may also die when you store harsh chemicals or build over their roots, which are their organ system. They’re what keep trees healthy and alive. If they fail to function properly, the tree will eventually die. Avoid building structures over tree roots, digging around tree trunks, or parking or storing equipment above the root zone.

Salting near the Tree
Salting roads is essential. However, salting near trees can cause harmful reactions. Salty soil can kill trees, grass, or other plants.

Use of Herbicides and Pesticides

They will not only keep the pests away, but also harm your trees. Mulch around trees is a good idea to prevent weeds.

Knowing what is good for your tree is the hardest part of tree care. For the best tree care practices, do your research and contact an arborist.

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It is crucial to consider the effects of tree planting whenever improving the environment for a community is a goal. Even in metropolitan environments, trees remain an essential component of the environment. In addition to helping to reduce air pollution, trees can make a place look better and increase the value of nearby properties. It is also important to note that planting trees is a tough task and is more complex than some may believe. Arborists refer to a tree planting strategy as a procedure in which they choose particular trees based on the surroundings they are placed in to provide them with the best chance of developing healthy, problem-free growth. Planting trees is an investment for the community, so it should happen with a smart strategy. Arborists use procedures to ensure they select and plant trees in the most effective way possible.

These are the most important steps of strategic planting:

• Select the suitable trees – to provide the greatest impact, specific trees must be chosen for the environment and ecology. As trees are meant to stay healthy for a long time, picking the proper type is a crucial first step. The quantity of sunlight exposure, soil pH (whether the soil is alkaline or acidic), temperature swings, humidity levels and the presence of micro- and macronutrients in the soil are just a few of the many factors that go into making a choice. Furthermore, the size of the tree, how big it might develop in the future, and maintenance factors should also be taken into account. 

• Select the best location – when planting new trees, arborists consider several factors. Maximising the influence on the environment and the advantages for the trees is always the goal of any arborist. When selecting the best location, it is crucial to consider sun exposure and shade patterns. Arborists also need to consider factors like soil characteristics - drainage, and depth. Wind exposure and building closeness are just as important for a tree's well-being. Arborists can identify the best spot for a tree after conducting the correct assessment.

• Plant a tree – as the time has come actually to plant a tree, the job should be addressed smartly to ensure the tree establishes easily and stay healthy in the long run:
  
  
• Digging the first hole – once the tree's position has been determined, a hole must be dug to be planted. Two to three times the width of the root ball should be the size of the hole. The tree should not expand past the root collar visible above the ground once it is in the hole.
  
  
• Tree preparation – inserting the tree into the hole should be executed slowly and carefully. Roots shouldn't circulate; if they are, the root ball should be reduced by 1-1.5 inches. Sometimes it's important to trim portions of the root ball's wrappings.
  
  
• Planting the tree - after being inserted into the hole, the tree should stand upright. Some watering is required after the dirt has been added to the hole.
  
  
• Mulching – it might be necessary to cover the backfill area with mulch. It should extend as far as the branches and not be deeper than 2-4 inches.
  
  
• Watering - after planting, trees typically need daily watering for two weeks, then weekly watering for a season or two.
  
  
• Afterwards - arborists should conduct tree surveys frequently to ensure the tree is growing disease- and pest-free.
  
  

© Treework Environmental Practice 

Trees offer several benefits ranging from boosting the value of a property and maintaining a balanced ecosystem to helping the environment. Trees are undoubtedly aesthetically pleasing, and many hold historical significance, especially those that have been around for decades.

Removing a tree can negatively affect the ecosystem. For example, some trees serve as homes for animal species. If you cut them down, then they will lose their habitat. Not only that, trees help prevent flooding. Cutting them down means the area will be more prone to it.

Trees also help improve the quality of the air through the production of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide. If you remove a tree, it’ll also affect the process of photosynthesis that plants go through in your area.

Now, if you’re planning to develop a certain property, the trees within the area may be affected. You need to have a tree survey to help you decide how to proceed.

Understanding the process involved in a tree survey

A qualified and experienced arboriculturist should perform the tree survey. The first step is what is referred to as the stage one survey or the BS5837 tree survey. The potential effect of new construction on trees and the environment needs to be assessed.

A BS5837 tree survey is a British Standard survey involving performing the relevant checks. It is a must for any design work, demolition, or construction job that could potentially put trees at risk.

The arboriculturist will ask you some questions before the tree survey begins. The said inquiries will be about the development, such as your plans with the area and the other details on how you plan to proceed with the site development.

You also need to provide a site plan. Once all details have been provided, the arboriculturist will perform the tree survey.

What is the purpose of a tree survey?

Through the BS5837 survey, you and the local planning authority would learn the practical constraints to the land and the development. The survey is performed using professional equipment that allows the experts to gather specific data, such as the condition of the trees and what species they belong to.

What is a BS5837 retention category?

All trees within and near your site will fall under the retention category. Under this category, you’ll receive crucial information from the tree survey. There are four categories, A, B, C, and U.

Category A is where the ones with the highest classification fall. The trees that are added to this category are in good health. They are also prominent and possess essential qualities like adding cultural values to the site. Trees under category A are expected to offer up contributions for more than forty years. You will be allowed to do any work below or above ground within a certain distance of these trees unless necessary.

Category B is similar to Category A but only has an expected contribution of about 20 years. The local authorities would like the trees under this category to be preserved. But if they need to be removed, you have to plant another one to replace them.

Category C is where trees that are in poor condition fall under. They’re not a risk for planning and only have about ten years of contribution. Despite their condition, the local authorities may still require you to plant a new one to replace the tree you wish to remove.

Category U, the final category, is where dying or dead trees fall under. They pose a safety risk and have less than ten years of contribution. They have to be removed regardless of whether they interfere or not with your development or the site in question.

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Concerning tree law in the UK, several critical factors exist to consider. The following guide provides more information on some of these essential factors.

Dangerous trees
In almost all cases, the one responsible for trees' safety is the landowner where the trees in question grow. There are some exceptions, such as when a rental agreement puts the tenant in charge of tree management. In all other cases, the tree manager has a duty of care to provide care such that their neighbours don't experience any problems. A tree owner also has the duty under the Occupiers Liability Acts to take proactive steps in ensuring visitors on the land are safe. This means that if a tree falls, the owner is liable. If it is proven that the owner has been negligent, such as allowing tree damage to corrupt the tree, then they can face the law. To avoid this, tree owners should always look to inspect their trees with the aid of arboriculturists.

Encroaching roots and overhanging trees
In general, the 'common law' makes provisions for pruning branches and roots that go over the boundary between properties even without consent from the owner. However, any works undertaken should be meticulous not to damage the tree because such acts are liable. It is always best to discuss matters with the tree owner before taking action. Consulting an arboriculturist, in this case, is always a good idea. If overhanging branches or encroaching roots have caused damage to a property, the insurer will approach the owner to decrease the issue and arrange repairs.

Tree protection
There are a few ways for trees to be protected in the UK.
Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) – Local Councils, within their role as Local Planning Authority, administer TPOs. Their goal is to protect trees that add amenity value to the area. A TPO means it is an offence to top, lop, uproot or cut down a tree under protection without the local planning authority's consent. Hedges, bushes and shrubs cannot fall under a TPO, but it can be made for anything from a specific tree to an entire woodland. Anyone wishing to work on trees under a TPO should fill out an application form and send it to their local planning authority.

Conservation areas

parties that wish to do any work on conservation areas, need to send out six weeks prior notice via email, letter or the official form with a detailed explanation of the proposed results. The local planning authority can issue a Tree Preservation Order during that time.

Restrictive covenants

Essentially a promise between two parties, such as the buyer and seller of a property/land, to not do certain things to the area. It is binding to the land and not an individual owner, meaning it is a place even if the current owner sells the property to another owner.

Felling licenses
Felling a tree in a garden is possible, even without a felling license. However, for a tree outside a garden, applying to the Forestry Commission for a felling license is always recommended. This is regardless of whether a TPO covers the tree in question.

© Treework Environmental Practice

Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) are issued by local authorities to protect the countryside. They extend over individual trees of high amenity value or entire woodlands. 

Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act, local planning authorities create Tree Preservation Orders. Whether they cover individual trees, groups of trees or woodlands, TPOs protect the trees that they cover from removal, improper pruning or any sort of action against them. Any action that would result in significant loss of amenity provided by the trees is considered to be against the law. Authorities usually exercise their judgement when they make TPO because ‘amenity’ is not defined in the law. The general purpose of a TPO is to protect woodlands and specific trees the removal of which will impact the community and the environment in a notable negative way. Before the local authority comes up with a TPO, they first ensure the public will benefit from the presence of trees/woodlands in question. 

Once a TPO is out, there it is possible to apply for the removal/pruning of protected trees. 

Applying for doing physical work on a protected tree 

Before you do any sort of work on protected trees, you must obtain permission from the local authority. It takes about 8 weeks from the date you submit the form called ‘Formal application to carry out works to protect trees. You will have to include a detailed description of the proposed work, in addition to a map of the trees. It is important to mention that arboricultural consultants can act as agents in applying to performing a tree survey. They can also advise you on the likely works that will be allowed. 

If the local authority decides not to grant permission for works, then you can take your appeal to the Secretary of state. It is important to understand that you need to have very reasonable grounds for appeal and you will most likely require agents to act on your behalf. Typically, arboricultural consultants will be of great help in the matter. They can launch a formal appeal, to give you the best chances of success. The allowed period for appeal is 28 days. 

TPO objection 

In regards to the provisional TPO, local authorities need to consider all representations made about it. What this means is that you will have some time to place some arguments against the TPO, before it comes to pass. Once again, you can work with arboricultural consultants to advise you. They know just what procedures the local authority needs to follow and the guidelines laid down by the higher authorities for confirming and revoking a TPO. In other words, the consultancy will know whether the local planning authority has not followed the exact procedures and guidelines, and they will then represent you with the objection. 

Challenging a TPO at the high court 

When a TPO is confirmed, there is no longer the option to appeal to the Secretary of State. Yet, there is a chance to apply to the High Court to quash the order. Such actions typically call the legality of the order into question. 

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When it comes to trees on public and private properties, owners or developers of said properties need to always ensure that the trees are in good condition and they don’t pose a risk. They have a legal duty to do so, especially in the case of a public area, like a public garden or park. Landowners need to consult with arborists and conduct tree surveys to assess the condition of the trees. 

Tree surveys are different, based on what goal they want to achieve and what sort of information they provide. Consulting with experts on the matter is very important because they offer some guidance on the matter. Here are a few of the different types of surveys that are available: 

• Planning permission and report – for individuals and companies submitting their planning applications, they are going to need a BS5837 survey. This is a British Standard that specifies the required information to be collected and included within the end report. That is how developers get their consent, as long as the survey points indicate a low negative impact on the trees and no protected trees are in the area. The BS5837 surveys require an Arboricultural Method Statement and Arboricultural Impact Assessment. The former is all about assessing the need for pruning, protective fencing, how to handle materials around trees, compaction of soil and heavy machinery moving around the tree. There might also be a need for an ecological survey, based on what the local authority requires and what the specific project is all about. 
  
  
• Tree constraints plan – this one consists of a CAD drawing, which showcases the location of every individual tree. It looks at things like crown spread, root protection and shade. The BS5837 standard outlines a few more parameters like retention category. With these surveys, developers can work on their projects with tree information in mind. 
• Tree data schedule – displaying the information gathered as part of the BS5837 survey, a tree data schedule lists information like tree age, dimensions of the trunk and crow, the life expectancy of the tree, defects, condition, amenity value and more. 
  
  
• Tree preservation order – it is local authorities that create a tree preservation order. These are in regards to singular trees, groups of trees or perhaps an entire woodland. A TPO is issued with the sole purpose of protecting the trees in the area, effectively forbidding any pruning or felling. 
  
  
• Pre-purchase report – for individuals and companies looking to buy a property, many mortgage lenders will require from them a pre-purchase tree survey. Such a survey namely looks at the risk of subsidence and tree failure. The report checks out every tree within an influential distance of the property and assesses the risk that it poses based on the condition. 
  
  
• Reports for litigation – if there is property or human damage, some tree surveys and reports are necessary. They need to adhere to the approved standards and can later be used in a court of law, if necessary. 
  
  
• Tree condition survey – this is a report conducted in regards to tree pests and diseases. Whenever such issues are present, experts go on to provide an assessment of the situation. They check out the affected trees for signs of decay, empty patches of leaves and weak branches. Condition surveys depend on what number of trees are surveyed and what sort of budget is allocated for the task. The greater the perceived risk, the larger the area arborists need to cover, to get data. 
  
  

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In the past, people used a combination of pulling and winching tests to research various tree biomechanics. The goal of those was to determine their resistance and how durable against rupture and uprooting they were. As a result of such tests, the tree was usually brought to ultimate failure and destruction. 

Nowadays arborists and arboricultural consultants employ a set of non-invasive tree risks assessment techniques, which preserve the trees they are conducted on. Static load tests are now the common method that experts utilise after it was developed at the University of Stuttgart in Germany. 

A static load test consists of three steps: 

• Pulling test – this methodology aims to assess the risk of failure (usually related to uprooting or stem breakage). It is achieved by pulling the tree to simulate wind loading in moderate power. Things like root plate inclination and changes in the length of fibres are then measured to determine the results. As for the tools used for the job, it is usually a rope winch or a grip hoist that apply quasi-static forces then measured by an in-line dynamometer. The idea behind the test is simple – as the tree experiences increased load, its stem will bend and the root plate will tilt. Arborists can detect these changes with very sensitive instruments. By then looking at the degree of compression and exerted extension within marginal fibres, the experts can better determine fracture resistance. 
  
  
• Wind load analysis – the goal of this test is to produce an estimate of the expected wind load of the given location. Any safe tree needs to be able to withstand the wind effects, as well as snow and ice. Wind loads depend on a few factors, such as expected wind speed and resistance of the tree to streaming air. The way to perform such analysis is to extract the crown in a digital picture and then the different levels are correlated with the wind speed. Experts are always mindful of the fact that wind speed increases with height above ground. There are national wind zone maps, which determine reference wind speeds and wind events. By using species-dependent parameters, experts are then able to assess the reaction of the tree to the wind. That is how they can streamline the crown or recommend a reduction in tree height. 
  
  
• Evaluation – once the required tests have been performed, arborists can begin the assessment and evaluation process by using the acquired data. The goal is to get enough information on the critical load of the tree and whether the conditions and environment it is in are potentially dangerous to it. The analysis results in factors of safety, with a value of 1 when the resistance against failure matches the expected wind load. However, according to most engineering standards, structures should have a factor of safety equal to 1.5, which is the aim of any static load test. 
  
  

It should be pointed out that trees often compensate for insufficient strength by utilising adaptive growth. Arborists will always take into consideration a tree’s ability to produce additional wood fibres in the areas of excess strain, often just by visually inspecting the tree. This aspect of the job is essential to deducing meaningful recommendations by arborists, who correlate results of technical inspections with their visual assessments. 

There are still certain limitations that any such project presents, namely the majority of factors at play. In the future, these tests will be better able to produce meaningful information. 

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Many people consider deadwood as a long-gone part of the tree, as it is not even a living part attached to the tree anymore. However, the more correct way of referring to it is as ‘decaying’, instead of dead. It contributes to the diverse ecosystems that trees are part of and is not just a static limb. 

Decay essentially means a progression of use by a number of different organisms. Some organisms thrive in fresh wood, while others are involved in the breakdown of woody tissues. In some sense, decaying wood can be considered a habitat in its own right. Woodland managers and arborists often remove deadwood on the principle of hygiene. Doing so protects the remaining timber resources from various pests, like fungi and insects. This is especially the case in public parks and gardens, where dead wood is in fact a serious risk for people and property. But there is a problem with this, and it lies in the fact that many important species don’t find the necessary habitat to live and thrive. As a result, the arboreal system experiences a serious downside due to the lack of deadwood. 

The way that deadwood positively impacts arboreal ecosystems lies with factors like carbon storage, biodiversity, soil nutrients cycling, energy flows and hydrological processes. And while all of that is now largely understood by arborists, many of the previous generations of them have been focused on clearing deadwood. 

One example of the issue of clearing deadwood completely lies with some of the rare species, associated with veteran and ancient trees. A lot of them can only be found on sites with a higher amount of decaying wood. With organisms that rely on decaying wood becoming more isolated, trees are more vulnerable than ever. 

The signs of decaying wood habitats 

There are 2 recognised signs of decaying wood habitats. One has to do with standing trunks, branches and limbs around the tree. The second is cavities within the trunk and branches, where decay is taking effect. The habitats created because of these processes are different and recreating them takes different techniques. 

• Standing deadwood – regardless if it is about branches or whole trunks, standing deadwood is easier to recreate. There are a few techniques that arborists utilise, such as destructive pruning and ring barking trunks and branches. This type of decay takes place from the outside in, creating the ideal habitat for invertebrates, lichens and fungi. 
  
  
• Decay within the trunks/branches – the techniques involved in recreating this sort of decay are much more complex. Since the decay decomposes from the inside out. It creates cavities within seemingly healthy trunks, which are then populated by fungi and invertebrates. 
  
  

The methods utilised in creating a habitat

• Destructive pruning – often used to create a habitat in trees. It involves techniques like decay creation within the trunk and the main branch structure of the trees. 
  
  
• Veteranisation – this is a pruning technique, which aims to ‘age’ a tree prematurely in a more controlled manner. The goal is to create a habitat and stimulate the formation of another secondary crown. 
  
  
• Natural fracture pruning – these are pruning techniques that mimic the natural process of branch loss, such as after severe storms. Small branches can be cut from the above side and removed from the crown. By leaving a fractured or split branch at the end, they remain unassociated with existing growing points. 
  
  

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There are many stressors, which affect trees and put them under immense pressure. And even though one single issue can contribute to poor tree health, in most cases there are several causes at play, which impact its poor health and condition. 

It pays to be prepared with some knowledge on what the most common symptoms of issues on trees are. That way you can adequately take steps to ensure that the plants and trees affected are preserved and the issue is minimised. 

• Damage to the leaves – leaves are the natural diet for a variety of woodland creatures. With little damage on them, there is no immediate danger to the tree. There is hardly any single leaf without some leaf damage, which doesn’t prevent vigorous and healthy growth of the said tree. However, some pests and diseases can contribute to serious issues within the leaf or at its edges and maybe even the complete loss of leaves. One of the most widespread pests is horse chestnut leaf miner, which is a tiny insect that feeds on horse chestnut leaves. As a result, leaves acquire some brown colouring and see-through patches, which can damage the tree. Sawfly larvae also cause significant leaf damage. They are like caterpillars, which develop into flies, and not butterflies. Small trees are particularly vulnerable to them, as the insects can completely strip them. If damage occurs during the first flush, then the tree can recover. The Alder leaf beetle is another example of an insect that can affect tree leaves. It feeds on the leaves of the common alder and deciduous trees. 
  
  
• Wilting and yellow leaves – this is another sign of tree stress, the risk for which can be reduced by choosing the right tree for the site. The tree may have some sort of disease, be it a bacterial one or a fungi-based one. Paying attention to which trees are impacted is important because a lot of diseases are species-specific. For example, ash dieback impacts ash trees and Dutch elm disease is mostly present on older trees. Cherries are also prone to showing disease symptoms, with leaves looking wilted and brown. 
  
  
• Bleeding cankers – ‘bleeds’ on the trunks of trees are a sign of stress. There are many contributing factors, such as drought, pollution, freezing and waterlogging, in addition to some diseases. A common pathogen responsible for bleeds is the Phytophthora species, which is fungal-based. It blocks the water transport system of the tree, which in turn leads to bleeding cankers on the trunks. Bacteria can also be responsible for bleeding cankers. For example, Horse chestnut trees are often at risk from the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Small holes in the leaves often accompany the black patches of bark that appear on the trunk. A professional arborist may be the best bet for identifying the issue and providing a solution.
  
  

Sometimes, it is all about checking the location of the tree. Trees should be planted in the right space, or else they can struggle. Oak, yew, whitebeam, juniper and goat willow do well in slightly drier soil, whereas alder, willow and alder buckthorn do well in wetter conditions. If a tree is struggling, it may have to do with the moisture levels of the soil. If the soil is dry, then some watering is in order, though you need to be careful not to overwater the area. Water stress is often a cause for damage. 

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